While IL-6 and TGF-β signaling has been reported to be important for interaction between cancer cells and CAFs in a cancer microenvironment1, PFD inhibits both Smad2- and STAT3-phosphorylation, indicating that it may have synergistic potential for inhibition of both IL-6 and TGF-β signaling. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.