In addition, several studies revealed that paradoxical accelerated tumour progression, known as hyperprogressive disease (HPD), was observed in some patients after initiation of therapy with antibodies against PD-1 or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1).11–13 Taken together, it is necessary to identify precise predictive biomarkers to determine which patients will exhibit positive or negative effects following PD-1 blockade. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.