TNF and neoplasm: The response of breast cancer explants upon PD-1, PD-L1, or TIM-3 inhibition was also indicated by the increased expression of genes related to the activation of anti-tumor immune responses, including inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, GM-CSF (CSF2 gene), IFN-γ, chemokines, cytolytic molecules (such as perforin and granzymes), receptors associated with antigen presentations, immune cell markers, and co-stimulatory molecules (such as HLADR, CD8A, CD4, CD40LG, CD80 and CD28) [48,49].