AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: For HCC patients at intermediate or late stages (BCLC: B, C; TNM: II, III, IV; Chinese: II, III) detection, our model in combination with AFP (cutoff 400 ng/mL) achieved sensitivity of 72.2–88.6% and specificity of 89.3–96.6% (AUC 0.887–0.967) for distinguishing HCC patients from controls (healthy and cirrhotic).