INS and diabetes mellitus: General sick day diabetes management principles (modified from ISPAD guidelines): 1. More frequent blood glucose and ketone (blood or urine) monitoring 2. Aim for a blood glucose level between 4 and 10 mmol/L (70–180 mg/dL) and blood ketones below 0.6 mmol/L when the child is ill 3. NEVER STOP INSULIN: If there is FEVER, insulin needs are usually higher 4. Monitor and maintain hydration with adequate salt and water balance 5. Treat underlying illness and symptoms (fever)