Some of these are caused by mutations of one candidate gene and/or exhibit specific characteristics, including nonurological manifestations (VHL syndrome, BHDS, HLRCC, and HPRC), whereas other hereditary cancer syndromes are due to mutations that might affect any site in the coding region of one candidate gene (BAP1-TPDS) or one of the several genes (tuberous sclerosis, hereditary PC with BRCA1/2 mutations, and Lynch syndrome with BC) consisting of >10 exons. This evidence concerns the gene BAP1 and tuberous sclerosis.