S100A9 and Sepsis: In addition, elevated proteins S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 have been identified as biomarkers for intra-amniotic infection and inflammation (61, 62) and, as reviewed by Buhimschi et al. (62), a panel of amniotic fluid proteins including S100A8 and S100A12 predicts clinically relevant HCA and FIRS as well as early onset sepsis and elevated inflammatory proteins in cord blood in preterm infants.