Similar to IDO, TDO is expressed by a bevy of different tumor types including glioblastoma, melanoma, ovarian carcinoma, hepatic carcinoma, breast cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, lymphoid and myeloid cancers, renal cell carcinoma, and bladder cancer, with high expression levels associated with a more rapid rate of tumor progression and/or decreased patient survival (33–36). The gene discussed is IDO1; the disease is hereditary clear cell renal cell carcinoma.