We then treated the small and large intestinal LPLs with or without a series of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are usually present in the microenvironment of colitis, and analyzed the expression of GM-CSF and IL-17F at the protein level in Brg1-deficient or sufficient ILC3s.12,18,22 We found the expression of GM-CSF in ILC3s was significantly higher in Brg1-deficient ILC3s compared with controls in both the small and large intestine under neutral conditions (Fig. 6a–c). This evidence concerns the gene IL17F and colitis.