As the key component of adaptive immunity, T cells have been the core pillar of immunotherapy owing to their specificity for antigen recognition and their potent tumor-killing ability.96 TILs are a heterogeneous population composed of diverse subsets (e.g., CD8+, CD4+ TH1, TH2, TH17, and Tregs) with complex functional states (e.g., naive, effector, memory, and dysfunctional).101 In addition, these T-cell subsets exhibit a preference for tissue distribution173,174 and demonstrate dynamic properties such as cross-tissue migration and state transitions in the TME.174. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and neoplasm.