Müller-Hermelink et al. (2008) described a dual role of CD4+ T cells, which either control or enhance multistage carcinogenesis depending on the presence or absence of either IFNγ or tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) signaling; partly mediated by CXCL9/10 induction in the tumor microenvironment [39]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL9 and neoplasm.