This is in contrast to observations from Matsuzaki et al. (2015), who confirmed a direct helping effect (antigen-presenting cell-independent) of NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ T cells to strengthen antitumor efficacy of CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo, which was mediated by MHC class II-specific recognition and the consecutive induction of a tumor growth arrest [36]. Here, CD4 is linked to neoplasm.