TGFB1 and infection: In order to elucidate the role and regulation of TGF-β signaling branches in the D. melanogaster metabolic response against infection with axenic or symbiotic H. bacteriophora nematodes, we used D. melanogaster larvae carrying loss-of-function mutations in daw and dpp genes coding for extracellular ligands in the Activin and BMP signaling branches, respectively.