HMGB1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: To further investigate how HMGB1 participates in the regulatory mechanism of p53 in autophagy and NAFLD, we knocked down HMGB1 expression in HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes with siRNAs with silencing efficiencies of 77.3% and 70.3%, respectively (Supplementary Figure 3d, e).