INS and diabetes mellitus: According to Lambers Heerspink and de Zeeuw (2011), "the mortality rate of patients with diabetic nephropathy is higher than the average mortality rate of all types of cancer" [13]. Such patients who are suffering from uncontrolled diabetes, which eventually leads to complications like nephropathy, retinopathy, or neuropathy, are often treated on dialysis and insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents and are suggested to undergo either pancreas transplant alone (PTA) or SPKT.