At the tumor level, those treated with proton radiotherapy had an earlier clinical AJCC stage (40.6% vs. 9.2% for stage I/II and 31.6% vs. 79.9% for stage III, p < 0.001), lower AFP level (54.7% vs. 36.4% for AFP < = 200 ng/mL, p < 0.001), and fewer cases of PVTT (37.5% vs. 78.8%, p < 0.001). Here, AFP is linked to neoplasm.