BRAF and melanoma: In fact, a substitution of a non-polar valine (V) by a negatively charged glutamic acid (E) at position 600 (V600E) in the BRAF kinase [12] blocks it in the activated state in a phosphomimetic manner, which results in constitutive MAPK/ERK downstream signaling and proliferation stimulation and cell survival, promoting melanoma tumor growth [12].