A recent study by Kowalsky et al. armed an oncolytic vaccinia virus with IL-15 superagonist (a fusion protein of IL-15 and IL-15Rα) and found the virus to induce strong antitumor immunity, resulting in better therapeutic benefits in murine tumor models, which were further enhanced when the virus was combined with PD-1 blockade [73]. This evidence concerns the gene IL15 and neoplasm.