TNF and AIDS: In the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) of HIV+ men, IL-6, hsCRP, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), soluble CD14 (sCD14), and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II (sTNFR II) were markers of frailty in HIV-1 disease, establishing an association with monocyte-macrophage immune activation in PWH (55).