Those that revolutionized the treatment of advanced melanoma and which have been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are mainly checkpoint inhibitors including anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and anti-Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), and oncolytic viruses such as T-vec (1, 2). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is melanoma.