The release of CSF1, interleukin 34 (IL34) and VEGFA from tumour cells is particularly sensitive to chemotherapeutic stress, which is relevant to the metabolic symbiosis between hypoxic and normoxic cancer cells58, and to the ability of lactate-producing cancer cells to repolarise TAMs towards an OXPHOS-dependent M2-like state59. This evidence concerns the gene IL34 and cancer.