TNF and neoplasm: Ge et al. [37] showed that oral administration of an ethanol extract of E. sinensis Walker can upregulate Bcl-2/Bax expression and activate caspases-3, thereby mediating H22 tumor cell apoptosis in vivo; increased production of the Th1-type cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ was also observed, which arrested cancer progression by inducing cancer cell senescence [86].