TNF and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: EBV-infected NPC cells can activate the TLR3 and TLR9/NF-κB signalling pathways to promote immune cells to secrete a large number of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors such as TNFα [17, 18], forming a complex tumour microenvironment which is associated with the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma [19], so the upregulation of TNF is often associated with NPC metastasis and low survival rates.