TNF and parasitic infectious disease: Parasitemia on the A. maxima supplemented groups was lower than in the control due the high oxidative microenvironment generated as response of the parasite presence, and the inflammation upregulation generated by A. maxima. On the other hand, A. maxima contains provitamin A, and vitamin A modulates the IL1-β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α cytokine production (16), but on the proved doses the stimuli were too strong, maybe it activates some stress pathways.