SAMHD1 and viral infectious disease: Indeed, many HIV-1 antiviral factors are involved in the NF-κB innate signaling pathway by mediating NF-κB-dependent immune responses (i.e., TRIM5α, Tetherin), or responding to NF-κB (i.e., APOBEC3G), or controlling viral infections and inflammatory diseases (i.e., SAMHD1) (Pauli et al., 2009; Pertel et al., 2011; Galao et al., 2012, 2014; Tokarev et al., 2013; Uchil et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2018).