Function: • Elevated GSIS, serum insulin, and skeletal muscle insulin resistance (mice treated with small EVs from healthy pregnant women, compared to other treatment and control groups) • Diminished GSIS and impaired insulin signaling in skeletal muscle (mice treated with 4-day infusion of small EVs from pregnant women with GDM, compared to treatment with EVs from healthy pregnant women). This evidence concerns the gene INS and Insulin resistance.