VCAM1 and ischemic stroke: Compared to healthy controls [749 ng/mL (IQR 536–894)], VCAM-1 levels were found to be significantly increased in ischemic stroke patients within the first 8 h [1,142 ng/mL (IQR 742–3,333)] (p < 0.01) and at 72 h [1,476 ng/mL (IQR 880–1,950)] (p < 0.05) after symptom onset (Kruskal–Wallis: chi square = 10.80, p = 0.0045, followed by Dunn's multiple comparison test) (Figure 4C).