TGFB1 and cardiac hypertrophy: Since PTEN/PI3K/AKT, TGF-β1, and p-IkBα/NF-kB are key signaling pathways that mediate cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation in the heart and atrial tissues (Li et al., 2018; Cao et al., 2019), we examined the effects of PR-957 on their expression in Ang II–infused hearts.