TNF and stroke disorder: Within minutes after injury, injured neurons and glial cells in the core and penumbra of the stroke produce pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (Cai et al., 2006; Shekhar et al., 2018), which activate both astrocytes and microglia (Tuttolomondo et al., 2008).