CD40 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, intrathecal or IV BM-MSC injection increased Treg numbers, reduced lymphocyte proliferation and downregulated the expression of activation and maturation markers such as CD40, CD83 and HLA-DR on DCs (Karussis et al., 2010).