We and other have shown that PD-1/PD-L1 blockade prevents exhaustion of tumour-reactive T-cells even in haematological malignancies, leading to augmented effector function and persistence of antigen-specific T-cells at the tumour site.10,35,36 Indeed, we observed that the systemic administration of anti-PD-L1 Abs with PLK1122DC_TriVax led to an increase in the frequency of tumour-reactive CD8 T-cells that had higher antigen-recognition functionality, resulting in enhanced anti-tumour efficacy with an increase of overall T-cell numbers in systemic C1498 leukaemia (Fig. 3). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and leukemia.