When compared to the vehicle control stimulation, PBMC obtained from COVID-19 ARDS patients specifically produced IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-5, IL-13, IL-10, IL-9, IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22 after MP_S stimulation (Fig. 5, Fig. S2). Here, IL17F is linked to COVID-19.