Analyses in an adjusted model confirmed that age and sex remained significantly associated with hs-cTnI ≥5 ng/L in both COPD and NLF, together with ischemic heart disease in the COPD group and ischemic ECG abnormalities in the NLF group (see Supplementary Table 2, Additional File 1). Here, TNNI3 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.