28117416 Activation of the anti‐tumour functions of the immune cells by GM‐CSF, which stimulates the antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity of anti‐cancer antibodies, and targeting of immune checkpoint inhibitors (CTLA‐4, PD‐1, PD‐L1) has been widely exploited to prevent tumour progression.108. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and neoplasm.