A reduction of IL-1β positively stained cells in the outer AF and NP regions after Etanercept treatment (Figure 5, p < 0.05), reduction of IL-1β positively stained cells in the inner AF region following Tofacitinib therapy (Figure 8, p < 0.01), as well as reduction of IL-8 positively stained cells in inner AF tissue after Tofacitinib (Figure 10, p < 0.05) were observed comparing to at least one of the other groups. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and atrial fibrillation.