group, Etanercept treatment partially prevented the upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MMP1, and MMP3 in the NP (Figure 2) and IL-1β, MMP3, COX2, and NGF in the AF (Figure 3), resulting in expression levels comparable with the Phy.inj. Here, MMP1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.