However, this study was performed only in human pancreatic β-cell line as a model which no direct measurement in humans and external validation but our previous data suggests that in β-thalassemia/HbE patients with diabetes had high level of ROS, low level of glutathione, reduced the β-cell function (HOMAB) and insulin level decreased (P. Rattanaporn, 2019, unpublished data). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.