HMGB1 can undergo several extensive PTMs that increase its cytoplasmic accumulation and extracellular secretion during infection or cell stress, including acetylation (16), phosphorylation (14, 15), ADP-ribosylation (103), methylation (104), glycosylation (105), and oxidation (38, 51) (Figure 2B). The gene discussed is HMGB1; the disease is infection.