HMGB1 and malignant colon neoplasm: In HMGB1, Ser35, 39, 42, and 46 in NLS1, 181 in NLS2, and 53 close to NLS1 have been shown to be phosphorylated in macrophages after TNF-α and okadaic acid treatment (15), while Ser39, 53, and 182 of HMGB1 are phosphorylated by PKC-ζ in colon cancer cells (112).