HMGB1 and Sepsis: In addition, the natural flavonoid kaempferol was found to alleviate neuroinflammation by suppressing HMGB1 release and down regulating the TLR4/MyD88 pathway (139), and the rare ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 have shown promise by reducing HMGB1 release and thereby improving survival in cecum ligation- and puncture-induced murine sepsis models (140).