IL1A and infection: PAF C-16 can activate monocytes/macrophages by binding to PAFR (Simon et al., 1994) and stimulate the production of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1α and β, reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) and reactive nitrogen intermediate (RNI) species (Hartung et al., 1983; Bonavida et al., 1989; Poubelle et al., 1991; Muehlmann et al., 2012), and thus may play a protective role during infection.