PDCD1 and neoplasm: Studies have shown that, in addition to their antiangiogenic activity, inhibitors of the VEGF pathway enhance the antitumour activity of ICIs by blocking tumour-induced immune-suppressive cells and increasing T-cell infiltration into tumours.10–12 The results of two phase III trials of the combinations of axitinib (a selective inhibitor of VEGF receptors 1–3) plus avelumab (anti-PD-L1) or pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1) versus sunitinib have been recently published.13,14