MEN1 and Alpha-thalassemia: The whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of non-familial PNETs has demonstrated somatic mutations in MEN-1, encoding menin, a component of a histone methyltransferase complex; in genes encoding either of the two subunits of a transcription/chromatin remodeling complex consisting of DAXX (death-domain associated protein) and ATRX (alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked); in genes encoding components of the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway [20].