KRAS and cancer: As described by the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), whole-genome and deep-exome sequencing analyses of 456 PDACs [33] have revealed repeated mutations in cancer genes at the following frequencies: KRAS, 89.8%; TP53, 66.1%; SMAD4, 22.5%; CDKN2A, 18.5%; ARID1A, 7.6%; LRP1B, 5.7%; RNF43, 5.5%; KMT2C, 5.5%; KMT2D, 5%.