TGFB1 and liver cancer: The TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor known as the activin like kinase 5 inhibitor, is a cell membrane permeable, selective ATP antagonist that was previously shown to inhibit TGF-β activity in HepG2 cells [30], a cell line derived from human liver cancer that have been extensively used as an alternative model of the liver in a wide range of studies, such as carcinogenesis, toxicology, molecular biology, and in screening of anticancer drug candidates [31].