TP53 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Furthermore, the NF-κβ pathway transcribes genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 related to the activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway, which leads to decreased apoptosis[76], and IL-1β related to the activation of phosphoinositide 3 Kinase-MDM2 pathway, which negatively regulates p53, thus increasing the survival of DNA-damaged cells and leading to the development of HCC[77].