Although Cbl-B is also expressed in non-hematopoietic cells, such as smooth muscle cells, CD8+ T cell depletion studies in hematopoietic Cblb−/−Apoe−/− mice confirmed that the progression of atherosclerosis in Cblb−/− mice was predominantly driven by CD8+ T-cells (33). This evidence concerns the gene CBLB and atherosclerosis.