CSF2 and cancer: IFN-α/GM-CSF stimulation leads to the increased expression of HLA-DR, CD11c, CD83, B7 costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, including on DCs of cancer patients, and such DCs are able to efficiently present an antigen to CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells (Paquette et al., 2002; Jin et al., 2017).