CSF1 and neoplasm: Furthermore, one report has demonstrated that CSF1 could promote melanoma resistance to PD1 checkpoint blockade (Neubert et al., 2018), and many reports have shown that CSF1R targeting may be beneficial by showing strong anti-tumor effects (Zhu et al., 2014; Obba et al., 2015; Kumar et al., 2017; Neubert et al., 2018).