In SLE studies performed in humans and mice, some of the likely cytokine inflammatory mediators and immunomodulatory agents identified as participating in disease development include (but are not limited to) interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-21 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β (5–8). Here, TNF is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.