Melanoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma patients vaccinated with irradiated, autologous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting tumor cells and partially treated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies generated high levels of anti-MICA antibodies, which were ascribed anti-tumor effects, for example, by neutralizing sMICA, increasing NKG2D expression, and complement-mediated tumor lysis (41). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.