CCL2 and cancer: Here, interesting connections were found between CCL2-CCR2 and estrogen responsiveness and activities: CCL2 activated estrogen receptor α (ERα) through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling to elevate breast tumor cell division (41); another facet of CCL2-estrogen interactions was revealed when stimulation of luminal-A breast tumor cells by estrogen has led via twist activation to elevated production of CCL2, then giving rise to increased proliferation of the cancer cells (42).