CXCR4 and breast carcinoma: Under such conditions, CXCL12- and CXCR4-mediated signaling elevated a large number of pro-cancerous characteristics and functions in breast cancer: tumor cell proliferation and invasion, generation of CSCs and angiogenesis (through attraction of endothelial progenitor cells), as well as tumor growth and metastasis in vivo (86, 176–180).