Other members of the chemokine receptor family, such as CCR5 and CXCR4, were also noted as chemoresistance-mediating factors in breast cancer, acting to increase DNA repair [CCR5; (83)] or to elevate tumor cell proliferation and reduce sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs through induction of interleukin 1 (IL-1) by MSCs [CXCR4; (114)]. Here, CXCR4 is linked to neoplasm.