In previous studies, SSP was found to be effectively treat colitis in rats by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-17 expressions, and increase IL-4 and transform growth factor (TGF)-β expression (Liu et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2019). Here, TGFB1 is linked to colitis.