HMOX1 and age-related macular degeneration: Experimental evidence suggests that Nrf2 decreases in aged retina (Batliwala et al., 2017), and its signaling is impaired in aged RPE exposed to an oxidative insult (Sachdeva et al., 2014); KO animals for Nrf2 or its downstream genes (i.e. HO1) develop age-related RPE degeneration and other AMD-like features (Zhao et al., 2011; Felszeghy et al., 2019).