TH and Parkinsonism: Neuroproliferative and neuroprotective effects of VPA, for the DA system, have been reported previously, e.g., promoting TH expression in cultured neural progenitor cells and brain transplants (Yoshikawa et al., 2013) or preventing the loss of dopaminergic neurons of SN in neurodegenerative models of parkinsonism (Kidd and Schneider, 2011; Carriere et al., 2014).